From the formation of the first cities at the end of the 4th millennium B.C. to the beginnings of the Roman empire. During this period, religion played an important role in influencing behavior, political decisions, and material culture.
As opposed to some later monotheistic religions, there was no systematic theological tractate on the nature of the deities in Mesopotamian mythology. In ancient myths, legends, ritual texts, and images, it is evident that most gods were conceived in human terms. The creatures had human or humanlike forms, interacted with each other, and responded to stimuli both rationally and emotionally. Humans considered them unpredictable and sometimes capricious, as they were similar to them. Humans needed food, water, shelter, and care as well. They were immortal, however, and possessed a splendor called melammu, similar to that of kings and holy temples. It was a radiance or aura, a glamour, which the god embodied. It could be frightening or inspiring. At temples, melammu was also present. When a god descends into the Netherworld, he loses his melammu.
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